Cara Menambah Bingkai Pada Photo dengan Menggunakan Adobe Photoshop

• Jalan kan Program adobe photoshop saya menggunakan versi 7
• Pilih foto yang ingin anda tambahkan bingkainya Bisa dengan menekan Ctrl + O
• Pilih bingkai yang ingin anda tambahkan Dengan menekan Ctrl + O
• Pada Erase tool klik kanan dan clik kiri magic erase
• Clik pada bagian tengah bingkai maka bingkai ankan menjadi seperti gambar.
• Clik Move tool.
• Clik pada gambar yang akan di beri bingkai, drag ke arah bingkai.
• Atur besar kecil gambar sesuai ukuran bingkai dengan cara mngklik dan tahan pada kotak yang ada disamping gambar
• Bila kotak di samping gambar tidak muncul apada tool bar clik show bounding box
• Setelah ukuran gambar sesuai pada layer clik layer yang berisi gambar drag ke bawah
• sehingga layer bingkai di atas dan layer gambar menjadi di bawah
• dan tampilan gambar akan menjadi seperti gambar berikut
• Tinggal di save dan selesai lah gambar dan bingkai telah menyatu. Ingat pada saat mensave ubah psd menjadi Jpg.

 semoga berguna.

SASTRA

Dr. Abdullah Dahana Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia berkesimpulan bahwa istilah Sastra telah mengalami penyempitan arti, “Kebanyakan kaum awam menganggap sastra hanyalah ilmu yang mengurusi kesusastraan saja. Padahal arti sastra sesungguhnya itu sendiri adalah ilmu yang mempelajari kebudayaan secara luas. Itulah salah satu penyebab Fakultas Sastra berganti baju menjadi Fakultas Ilmu Budaya.”

Menurut KBBI arti sastra adalah:
(1) bahasa (kata-kata, gaya bahasa) yang dipakai dalam kitab-kitab (bukan bahasa sehari-hari);
(2) karya tulis, yang jika dibandingkan dengan tulisan lain, memiliki berbagai ciri keunggulan seperti keaslian, keartistikan, keindahan dalam isi dan ungkapannya.
Jadi apa definisi sastra itu?
Mari kita cari! (be a winner, not a loser). Ada sebuah dialog bapak dengan anak yang saya temukan di situs penerbit Mizan tentang pengajaran dan penggambaran sastra. Sebuah artikel yang cukup menarik!
Dalam bahasa Inggris kita mengenal kata literature, diserap menjadi literatur ke dalam bahasa Indonesia. Arti literature (menurut kamus online WorldNet) adalah:
1: creative writing of recognized artistic value
2: the humanistic study of a body of literature; “he took a course in French literature”
3: published writings in a particular style on a particular subject; “the technical literature”; “one aspect of Waterloo has not yet been treated in the literature”
4: the profession or art of a writer; “her place in literature is secure”
Apakah sastra memiliki definisi yang sama dengan literature?
Jika melihat perbandingan arti dua kamus di atas terdapat perbedaan bahwa arti literatur dalam bahasa Inggris memiliki arti yang lebih lebar dibandingkan arti sastra dalam bahasa Indonesia.
Sebuah pepatah mengatakan “Bahasa menunjukkan bangsa”, pepatah ini benar sebagai eksistensi sebuah bangsa di dunia. Siapa lagi yang harus berbahasa Indonesia selain kita sendiri supaya tidak kehilangan identitas diri?
Bahasa, selain dipertahankan sebagai warisan budaya pula harus dikembangkan, salah satu yang penting adalah kosakata baru. Sebenarnya kosakata baru yang murni diciptakan oleh orang Indonesia itu ada, seperti contohnya adalah pindai (scan), tikalas (subscript), tikatas (superscript). Tapi siapa yang menggunakan? Apakah publikasi lembaga bahasa kurang? atau justru lembaga bahasa tidak mempublikasikan apa-apa?
Selain mencari kombinasi dari 26 karakter latin sebagai kosakata baru, bahasa Indonesia memiliki metoda tersendiri untuk membentuk inovasi kosakata yaitu dengan sisipan ataupun imbuhan. Contoh yang paling umum adalah kinerja (performance) yang berasal dari kerja atau sinambung (continuous) dari kata sambung. Mengapa tidak kita ciptakan misalnya tinembak, pinanjang, pinendek, sinempit atau linuas?
SOURCE

Apresiasi Sastra dan Apresiasi Hidup

Istilah apresiasi berasal dari bahasa latin, apreciatio, yang berarti 'mengindahkan' atau 'mengahargai'. Menurut S. Effendi, apresiasi sastra adalah kegiatan 'menggauli' karya sastra secara sungguh-sungguh sehingga menumbuhkan pengertian, penghargaan, kepekaan pikiran kritis dan kepekaan perasaan yang baik terhadap karya sastra.

Banyak cara yang bisa kita lakukan untuk mengapresiasi sebuah karya sastra. Salah satunya adalah dengan membaca. Karya sastra yang dimaksud di sini adalah prosa (novel, cerpen, hikayat dll), puisi dan drama.

Kegiatan mengapresiasi karya sastra dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu kegiatan mengapresiasi karya sastra secara langsung dan tidak langsung. Apresiasi secara langsung dapat diwujudkan dengan membaca, melihat (jika diwujudkan dalam sebuah teater pertunjukan atau film), memahami, menikmati, menganalisis dan mengevaluasi karya sastra tersebut. Sedangkan secara tidak langsung dapat diwujudkan dengan mempelajari teori sastra.

Menurut Herman J. Waluyo, ada 4 tingkatan dalam mengapresiasi, yaitu :

1. Menggemari. Artinya, pembaca yang mampu terbawa atau hanyut dalam cerita dan menggemari karya sastra yang dibaca. Atau menggemari pelaku-pelaku yang diciptakan oleh pengarang.
2. Menikmati. Artinya, pembaca yang dapat menikmati dan merasakan dalamnya perasaan manusia (dapat mengungkapkan kepribadian dan alam pikiran pelaku).
3. Reaksi. Artinya, pembaca yang mampu membandingkan karya yang satu dengan karya lainnya dan mampu memberikan pendapat mengenai karya tersebut. Serta dapat membaca karya yang lebih 'sulit' dengan kenikmatan.
4. Pembaca yang mampu melihat keindahan susunan dialog, setting simbolis pemakaian kata-kata yang berirama yang disajikan oleh pengarang dan dapat merespon karya sastra sehingga dapat merangsang proses berfikir.

Sebenarnya ada satu tingkatan lagi dalam mengapresiasi sebuah karya, tingkatan yang paling tinggi di antara 4 tingkatan tersebut, yaitu proses kreatif. Yang dimaksud dengan proses kreatif di sini adalah seorang pembaca yang telah mampu memberikan respon terhadap karya sastra dengan seni yang dibuatnya sendiri. Yang dimaksud 'seni yang dibuatnya sendiri' di sini artinya adalah bahwa pembaca telah mampu menghasilkan karyanya sendiri setelah mengapresiasi karya sastra orang lain.

Seperti halnya sebuah karya, hidup manusia pun haruslah kita apresiasi. Tuhan telah memberikan karunia kehidupan kepada kita, apapun keadaan kehidupan kita sekarang, kitalah yang harus mengapresiasinya, menghargainya dan menjalaninya sebaik mungkin.

Sama seperti apa yang diungkapkan Herman J. Waluyo bahwa tingkat apresiasi yang pertama adalah menggemari. Jika kita sulit untuk menerima kenyataan hidup, langkah awal yang harus kita lakukan adalah menggemarinya. Menyukai hidup kita! Kemudian barulah kita menikmatinya dan memberikan reaksi yang positif terhadap kehidupan kita. Di tingkat yang ketiga, '..mampu membaca karya sastra yang 'sulit' dengan kenikmatan', jika kita analogikan apresiasi sastra dengan apresiasi hidup, kalimat di atas kira-kira dapat berarti seperti ini, '...mampu menghadapi cobaan yang berat sekalipun dengan kenikmatan (rasa syukur dan keikhlasan).

Tahap selanjutnya yaitu mampu membandingkan, mana yang baik dan mana yang buruk. Mana perbuatan yang seharusnya dilakukan dan mana yang seharusnya tidak dilakukan.

Hiduplah dengan sebaik-baiknya. Apresiasilah hidup kita! Berjuanglah! Jangan menyerah! Ganbatteeeee~!!! XDD

 SOURCE

My Extracurricular Activity in Senior High School

 

When I was in the Senior High School, I joined two extracurricular activities. They were PMR(Palang Merah Remaja) and Rohis. I took those activity because I will learn about organization and religion. I joined PMR on Friday afternoon and Rohis on Friday at 11 a.m.

One day, PMR held an activity, they would hold a camp out in Bukit Napu. There were eighteen person joining the camping. We prepared it well. Arriving at the camping, we founded a tent. After that we registered to join in some emulation, there were Stretcher and  Cooking. At stretcher emulation, we must bring a person on stretcher, gone by wet rice field, jumped the  stonewall, walked as far as 1500 metres . It was very tired, but we kept spirit.

The next day, we prepared for cooking emulation. Goods was not sufficient to make a lot of food. So, we made food with makeshift materials.

Last day of camp, committee announced who won the previous race. we got the second prize for the contest to cook and of course we was happy , but we did not get a winner in the race stretcher.

However, we remain pleased that by following this activity, we can learn a lot about race.

language

1. 1. Communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols.
   2. Such a system including its rules for combining its components, such as words.
   3. Such a system as used by a nation, people, or other distinct community; often contrasted with dialect.
2. 1. A system of signs, symbols, gestures, or rules used in communicating: the language of algebra.
   2. Computer Science. A system of symbols and rules used for communication with or between computers.
3. Body language; kinesics.
4. The special vocabulary and usages of a scientific, professional, or other group: "his total mastery of screen language-camera placement, editing-and his handling of actors" (Jack Kroll).
5. A characteristic style of speech or writing: Shakespearean language.
6. A particular manner of expression: profane language; persuasive language.
7. The manner or means of communication between living creatures other than humans: the language of dolphins.
8. Verbal communication as a subject of study.
9. The wording of a legal document or statute as distinct from the spirit.

source

Attitude

An attitude is a hypothetical construct that represents an individual's degree of like or dislike for something. Attitudes are generally positive or negative views of a person, place, thing, or event— this is often referred to as the attitude object. People can also be conflicted or ambivalent toward an object, meaning that they simultaneously possess both positive and negative attitudes toward the item in question. definitions of attitude An attitude can be defined as a positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, event, activities, ideas, or just about anything in your environment (Zimbardo et al., 1999) In the opinion of Bain (1927), an attitude is "the relatively stable overt behavior of a person which affects his status." "Attitudes which are common to a group are thus social attitudes or `values' in the Thomasonian sense. The attitude is the status-fixing behavior.

Attitude is a reaction or response from someone who is still closed to a stimulus or object. (Notoatmodjo, 2003)

Principal Components of Attitudes

In another section, Allport (1954) explains that the attitude it has 3 main components:

1. Belief (faith), ideas and concepts to an object.

2. Emotional life or emotional evaluation of an object.

3. Propensity to act (growing niche to behave).

All three of these components together to form a whole attitude. In determining this whole attitude, knowledge, thoughts, beliefs and emotions play an important role.

As with the knowledge, attitude consists of various levels.

1. Receive (receiving)

Accepting means that the person (subject) like and pay attention to a given stimulus (object). For example, attitudes toward nutrition and can be seen from the willingness of people's attention to the lectures.

2. Responding (responding)

Provide an answer when asked, doing and completing assigned tasks is an indication of the attitude.

3. Respecting (valuing)

Inviting someone else to do or discuss a problem is an indication of the attitude of the three.

4. Be responsible

Responsible for everything that has been chosen with all the risks are the highest attitude.

(Notoatmodjo, 2003: 126)

 

American Attitudes Toward the Elderly

The Youth Culture. Present-day American attitudes about the elderly have been reinforced by a century's worth of media, particularly movies and television. From the 1950's onward, a great culture of youth, fed by teen heros like James Dean and his sucessors over the decades, emerged and strengthened. Old people were left out of the picture. The period after World War Two also saw great mobility in America, which led to the break-up of large extended families. The old person was no longer seen as a useful member of a family team, but rather as a drain on the family's resources.

The Shrinking Family. Older people had previously depended on their families, hence on younger people, for support in their “declining years,” but suddenly that support was gone. Older people suffered as a result. Government programs could provide money at best, and never enough of it, hardly a substitute for a caring, loving family. Living past seventy became, for many, a rather bleak prospect, a time of loneliness, poverty and illness.

The Stereotype. The youth culture did another great disservice in stereotyping old people as chronically ill, unable to work, behind the times, slow-thinking, useless financial burdens on society. The idea that old people could actually fall in love or have sex with each other is embarrassing to many Americans, old, young and in-between. The baby boomer generation, which at present is fast entering the ranks fo the elderly, has other ideas about this stereotype.

Older Americans are Vital. Not one of these stereotypes is true, of course, certainly not the poverty notion. Americans over the age of fifty own 75 percent of all American assets and spend half the money. A full 70 percent of these people own their own homes. They vote and are active in the community to a greater extent than young people. You can find them out there doing sports and outdoor activities, or working out at the gym. If they find themselves single, divorced or widowed, they keep the Internet dating services humming, looking for each other. Just like younger people, they are just as likely to fall in love and, yes, they do actually have sex with each other.

American Attitude

·      If you have an appointment, you'll mutter an excuse if you're five minutes late, and apologize profusely if it's ten minutes. An hour late is almost inexcusable.

·      If you're talking to someone, you get uncomfortable if they approach closer than about two feet.

·      About the only things you expect to bargain for are houses, cars, and antiques. Haggling is largely a matter of finding the hidden point that's the buyer's minimum.

·      Once you're past college, you very rarely simply show up at someone's place. People have to invite each other over-- especially if a meal is involved.

·      When you negotiate, you are polite, of course, but it's only good business to 'play hardball'. Some foreigners pay excessive attention to status, or don't say what they mean, and that's exasperating.

·      If you have a business appointment or interview with someone, you expect to have that person to yourself, and the business shouldn't take more than an hour or so.

credit: for various sources

Ethnicity

1. Ethnicity 

Ethnicity, or ethnic identity, refers to membership in a particular cultural group. It is defined by shared cultural practises, including but not limited to holidays, food, language, and customs. 

People can share the same nationality but have different ethnic groups. For example, citizens of the United States are of many different ethnic backgrounds. 

 People who share an ethnic identity can be of different nationalities. Turkish citizens of Turkey and Turkish citizens in Germany share an ethnic identity but are of different nationalities.

An ethnic group (or ethnicity) is a group of people whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage, often consisting of a common language, a common culture (often including a shared religion) and/or an ideology that stresses common ancestry or endogamy.Another definition is "...a highly biologically self-perpetuating group sharing an interest in a homeland connected with a specific geographical area, a common language and traditions, including food preferences, and a common religious faith".

Members of an ethnic group are conscious of belonging to an ethnic group; moreover ethnic identity is further marked by the recognition from others of a group's distinctiveness. Processes that result in the emergence of such identification are called ethnogenesis.